Biofloc technology and immunological resilience in pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): A mechanistic review

• Biofloc systems enhance immunological resilience in Litopenaeus vannamei through microbiota modulation, innate immune activation, and antioxidant strengthening. • Microbial metabolites and MAMPs within biofloc stimulate hemocyte activity, AMP expression, and pathogen surveillance mechanisms. • Improved water quality and nutrient-rich microbial biomass reduce physiological stress and support stable immune homeostasis. • Variability in BFT performance underscores the need for standardized immune markers, molecular characterization, and long-term monitoring. • Future directions include multi-omics integration, immune-targeted probiotics, biofloc–vaccine synergies, and climate-resilient BFT system innovation.…