Comparison of e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use and Dual Use Associations With Disease: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are often presented as a less harmful alternative to combustible cigarettes (hereinafter, cigarettes). This study updates an earlier meta-analysis of 107 population studies of e-cigarette disease risks.

We pooled data from studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO from January 1, 2005, through January 1, 2025, in a random-effects meta-analysis if we identified ≥5 studies for a disease outcome.