articleNature ConservationFeb 25, 2026GOLD OA

Challenges and opportunities in restoring European free-flowing rivers

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries · Wageningen University & Research · +3 more institutions

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Abstract

Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) across Europe hold high ecological value and clear economic benefits. They support biodiversity by providing habitats for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial species and strengthen local economies through sustainable practices while reducing the need for costly artificial flood control and water treatment. Rivers also carry deep cultural meaning for European communities, shaping identity, belonging, and wellbeing. Given this ecological, economic, and cultural weight, we argue that safeguarding remaining near-natural or pristine rivers should be the first priority, alongside restoring degraded systems, where meaningful gains are feasible. Herein, we review definitions, restoration…

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