The Impedance of Spacetime

The vacuum impedance Z₀ = √(μ₀/ε₀) ≈ 376.73 Ω and the speed of light c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀) are two complementary invariants derived from the same pair of electromagnetic constants {μ₀, ε₀}: one encodes dynamics, the other kinematics. This paper shows that an identical structural duality arises within the Ze framework (Tkemaladze, 2026a), where a binary event stream is partitioned into N_T T-events and N_S S-events. We define Ze permittivity ε_Ze = N_T/T = 1 − v (temporal accumulation, analogous to ε₀) and Ze permeability μ_Ze = N_S/T = v (spatial flow, analogous to μ₀). Two invariants follow: Ze impedance Z_Ze = √(μ_Ze/ε_Ze) = √(v/(1−v)) and Ze speed c_Ze = τ/T = √(1−v²). We show that Z_Ze is universal: it is…