A comprehensive review of green synthesis methods and applications of nanoparticles derived from plant extracts and microorganisms

Nano-biotechnology represents an important interface between nanotechnology and biological sciences, driven by the growing demand for biocompatible and environmentally sustainable nanomaterials. In this context, green synthesis has emerged as a viable alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods for nanoparticle production. This approach employs biological entities such as plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and other microorganisms as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, thereby minimizing the use of toxic chemicals and harsh reaction conditions. This review critically examines current advances in the green synthesis of nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on plant-mediated and…