Recent advances in MOF-based composites engineered for dyes and metal ions removal from aqueous environments. A review

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as versatile materials for wastewater treatment owing to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and multifunctional active sites. However, the instability of pristine MOFs in aqueous environments and the leaching of metal or ligand species remain critical barriers to their practical application. This review focuses on advanced hybrid MOF composites designed for the removal of organic dyes and heavy metal ions, highlighting their structural features, removal mechanisms, and performance. The focus is made on the recent developments in composite design and functionalization approaches that improve water stability and reusability. The article also examines isotherm…