Green hydrogen pathways for a net-zero future: technologies, circular economy integration, life-cycle performance and safety dimensions

This review critically evaluates the technological, environmental, and policy dimensions of green hydrogen using an integrated framework grounded in green chemistry, the circular economy, and the sustainable development goals. Rather than treating green hydrogen as a universal energy solution, the review synthesises advances in production, storage, transport, safety, and policy instruments to assess where and under what conditions hydrogen deployment is sustainable. Conventional, biological, electrolytic, photocatalytic, and waste-derived pathways are compared in terms of efficiency, lifecycle emissions, resource intensity, material criticality, and toxicity. Storage and distribution options including…

• SI
  SRM Institute of Science and Technology