The Categorical Failures of Higher-Order Theories (of Consciousness)

Higher-order theories of consciousness (HOT) propose that a mental state M is conscious if and only if a higher-order state H represents M. This paper argues HOT is a labeling scheme rather than a theory of consciousness. HOT specifies a one-way relation between two mental states, applies the label "conscious" to whatever fits the relation, and supplies the actual states, the physical material, and the empirical evidence informally as the argument requires. Because HOT refuses to commit to any specific physical implementation and because the central relational claim is bare, HOT cannot earn the right to cite the empirical findings its defenders use as confirmation. The findings are real; HOT, as it stands,…