Single phosphorylation sites in Acc1 and Acc2 regulate lipid homeostasis and the insulin-sensitizing effects of metformin

Metformin is one of the most widely prescribed therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. But exactly how it works is still unclear. Gregory Steinberg and colleagues now show that it does so by activation of the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk) and Ampk's obligate targeting of two key enzymes involved in lipid homeostasis. The obesity epidemic has led to an increased incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk) regulates energy homeostasis and is activated by cellular stress, hormones and the widely prescribed type 2 diabetes drug metformin1,2. Ampk phosphorylates mouse acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc1; refs. 3,4) at Ser79 and Acc2 at Ser212,…