Immune-mediated antitumor effect by type 2 diabetes drug, metformin

Significance The multifunctional ability of CTLs is downregulated by interaction between immune-checkpoint molecules expressed on CTLs and their ligands expressed on cancer cells, referred to as immune exhaustion. The antibody-mediated, immune-checkpoint blockade turned out to a promising method for immunotherapy against advanced melanoma. Metformin, a drug prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes, has been recognized to have anti-cancer effect. We found that CD8 + tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a target of metformin. CD8 + TILs inevitably undergo immune exhaustion, characterized by diminished production of multiple cytokines such as IL-2, TNFα, and IFNγ, followed by elimination with apoptosis.…