Targeting gut microbiota and metabolism as the major probiotic mechanism - An evidence-based review

The human gut hosts complex microbial communities, which are linked to health and disease. The gut microbiota is continuously reshaped by multiple environmental factors, especially diet. Gut dysbiosis may promote various metabolic, neurological, intestinal, and cardiovascular diseases, and even tumor development. Probiotics have shown promising prophylactic, mitigating, or even curative effects when use as nutrient supplements or adjunctive therapy. These beneficial and/or symptom alleviation effects are often accompanied by gut microbiome and metabolome changes. Differing from other published review articles, here we summarized the latest knowledge of evidence-based health-promoting effects of probiotics by…