Metaphors of AI indicate that people increasingly perceive AI as warm and human-like

As AI-based technologies such as ChatGPT are increasingly used across various sectors, understanding how people conceptualize artificial intelligence (AI) is crucial for anticipating public response and developing AI technologies responsibly 1. We hypothesize that public perceptions of AI are rapidly evolving, and that these perceptions inform not only how people use AI, but also the extent to which they trust it and the role they believe it should play in their lives - if at all. However, beliefs about complex sociotechnical systems like AI are nuanced and hard to articulate2–4, especially using traditional self-reporting methods where people may struggle to clearly articulate their implicit attitudes about…