Artificial intelligence in preclinical research: enhancing digital twins and organ-on-chip to reduce animal testing

• AI revolutionizes preclinical research, offering alternatives to animal testing. • Techniques like ML, DL, OoC, and DTs enable precise drug safety simulations. • AI-driven methods adhere to the 3Rs principle: Replace, Reduce, Refine. • Real-world tools like Tox-GAN enhance drug discovery efficiency. • This review bridges AI advancements with ethical and regulatory standards. Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping preclinical drug research offering innovative alternatives to traditional animal testing. Advanced techniques, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), AI-powered digital twins (DTs), and AI-enhanced organ-on-a-chip (OoC) platforms, enable precise simulations of complex biological…

• MD
  Ministero dell'Istruzione e del Merito