A systematic review of gender differences in students’ use of AI tools for learning in higher education

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) tools in higher education transforms learning environments, yet limited attention has been given to how students of different genders engage with these technologies. This study presents a systematic literature review examining gender differences in the use, adoption, and engagement with AI tools for learning in higher education. Using a structured search across three major academic databases, Web of Science, Scopus, and ERIC, 30 studies published between 2020 and 2025 were identified and systematically analysed. A qualitative thematic synthesis was used to extract key patterns related to usage behaviour, perceptions, learning needs, and barriers. Findings revealed that…