Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis and Restoration of Sirt1/Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling by Diosmin Protect Against Diabetes-Induced Testicular Damage in Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as a major contributor to impaired testicular function and compromised male fertility. In the present study, the protective effects of the natural flavonoid diosmin (Dios) against diabetes-induced testicular injury were investigated using a rat model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced in rats via a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Dios was administered at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight for eight weeks. Diabetic rats displayed marked testicular dysfunction, evidenced by reduced serum testosterone levels, deteriorated sperm parameters, and pronounced histopathological alterations in testicular…