Exploring the Role of AI Adoption in Under-Resourced Students’ Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration: A Fresh Perspective from METUX Model

While previous studies have endorsed the potential of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in several areas of second language (L2) education, their influence on psychological needs of learners in under-resourced contexts has remained uncharted. To address this gap, our study adopted an experimental study to examine if AI adoption could affect learners’ basic psychological needs satisfaction. In doing so, it drew on the Motivation, Engagement and Thriving in User Experience (METUX) model and assigned 218 Iranian under-resourced English as a foreign language (EFL) students into control and experimental groups. A questionnaire measuring basic psychological needs was completed before and after an…