reviewiMetaAug 30, 2025GOLD OA

The microbiome in cancer

Zhujiang Hospital · The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang · +47 more institutions

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefdoajpubmed

Abstract

The human microbiome is now recognized as a central regulator of cancer biology, intricately shaping tumor development, immune dynamics, and therapeutic response. This comprehensive review delineates the multifaceted roles of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in modulating the tumor microenvironment and systemic immunity across diverse cancer types. We synthesize current evidence on how microbial dysbiosis promotes carcinogenesis via chronic inflammation, metabolic reprogramming, genotoxic stress, immune evasion, and epigenetic remodeling. This review emphasizes organ-specific microbiome signatures and highlights their potential as non-invasive biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification, and…

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